فصلنامه ابن سینا
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 70، بهار 1399)

The outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID 19) is a global public health crisis that began in January 2020. This study aimed to investigate previous research to find effective psychological interventions and also to provide practical solutions for correct interventions in crisis.

This article is based on narrative reviews from January 1 to April 1, 2020. The search terms were 2019 novel coronavirus, medical as well as nursing staff, crisis intervention, new coronavirus outbreak, COVID -19, contagious disease outbreak, crisis services, defense mechanisms, personality, and crisis. Literature for this review was identified by searching the following online databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, as well as ProQuest, and the most popular internal databases such as SID, IranMedex, and MagIran. The research was conducted in both English and Persian. Also, some online published papers by the National Health Commission of China, the National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, and the World Health Organization (WHO) were searched.

In total, out of 200 English articles on psychological interventions in crises, 35 were eligible and reviewed for this study.

Based on the review of existing articles, it was found that unique telephone lines and online psychological services play an essential role in maintaining and increasing peoplechr('39')s mental health at the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak. Besides, it has a more critical role than face-to-face psychological interventions.

Due to the prevalence of coronavirus among people, especially the affected countries, which has caused anxiety, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal modeling of Corona anxiety in students based on optimism and resilience with the mediating role of perceived social support.

The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili who were studying in the academic year of 2009-2010, when 300 people participated in the research online and through virtual networks. Data collection tools included Corona Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al., 2020), Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1992), Resilience Scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Spss23 and Lisrel 8.8 software.

Based on the results, the causal model confirmed the relationship between optimism, resilience, perceived social support and Corona anxiety in students based on different fitness indices. Optimism, resilience and perceived social support have a direct effect on the Corona anxiety in students; also, Optimism and resilience has an indirect effect on the Corona anxiety in students through perceived social support (P <0.05).

Therefore, optimism, resilience and perceived social support play an important role in the Corona anxiety in students and targeting these three components by psychological therapies can be effective in reducing the Corona anxiety in students.

The hospital inefficiencies impose a high cost on the countrychr('39')s health system. This study was conducted to identify the causes of low efficiency in Iranian hospitals.

To conduct this research, the scoping review was used. For this purpose, all published articles on the low efficiency of Iranian hospitals between April 1997 and March 2019 were collected in electronic databases. Out of 1593 found articles, 146 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, which were analyzed using version 10 of MAXQDA software.

Overall, 37 reasons for the low efficiency of Iranian hospitals were identified, which were classified into three main groups: underuse, overuse, and misuse of hospital resources. These causes were also categorized into four levels: meta- (ministry of health), macro- (university of medical sciences), meso- (hospital), and micro- (hospital service provider). The most frequent reasons for the low efficiency of the hospitals were poor knowledge and low skill of managers, inadequate distribution of beds between hospitals, inappropriate size of hospitals, the lack of using specialized hospital managers, inadequate staff training, inadequate medical tariffs, inadequate payment methods, staff shortages, unnecessary hospital development, and unnecessary patient admissions.

Various factors at the level of the ministry of health, medical universities, hospitals, and health service providers led to low, high, and incorrect use of hospital resources and, as a consequence, low efficiency of Iranian hospitals. Policy makers and managers of the health system should increase the efficiency of hospitals by implementing changes in the financing, management, and provision of health services.

Spinal cord injury causes many physical, psychological, and social consequences for patients and can affect their quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the quality of life of patients suffering from spinal cord injuries caused by human-made disasters and/or natural disasters.

This meta-synthesis qualitative study was performed in 2019-2020. All studies with qualitative methods that had focused on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury were assessed between 1995 and 2018. English and Persian electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINHAL, Blackwell Science Direct, Mdconsult, Pedro, ProQuest, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, and Google Scholar search engine were used to search "quality of life", "spinal cord injury", "human-made disaster" and/or "natural disaster", “qualitative research”, “qualitative study”, "content analysis", "concept analysis", "thematic analysis", "grounded theory", "phenomenology", "ethnology", "historical research", "mixed-methods", and "meta-synthesis" keywords. All studies analyzed and similar themes and sub-themes were emerged.

Totally, 18 articles were extracted; nine articles related to the topic were analyzed. The five main themes mentioned in the studies included autonomy, employment, emotional and psychological status, quality of life, and coping that indicating their importance for patients suffering spinal cord injury.

The ability of patients to participate in collaborative work and decision making were reduced during the initial stages of spinal cord injury that is due to physical, psychological, and environmental constraints. Holistic approach and pay attention to all dimensions of patients with spinal cord injuries are recommended.

The neuroprotective effects of aerobic exercise and the enriched environment have been demonstrated, but the acute effects of aerobic exercise in the enriched environment have not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise in the enriched environment on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), triglyceride, and glucose in active elderly men.

Ten active elderly men (age: 60.30±3.83 years) voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study. The subjects ran one-hour with intensity of 12-15 in Borg scale, one session in an ordinary environment and one session in an enriched environment, two weeks apart in a randomized cross-over design. Five minutes before and after the training, the blood sample was taken for measurement of the changes in serum levels of BDNF, triglyceride, and glucose.

The results of paired samples t-test showed that in both environments, the serum levels of BDNF increased significantly (p=0.001). However, in the enriched environment, serum levels of triglyceride also decreased significantly (p=0.011). Also, the results of the covariance test showed no significant difference between the levels of all variables in the two environments. On the other hand, the percentage of changes in all variables was higher in the enriched environment.

One hour of running with moderate intensity significantly increased serum levels of BDNF in active elderly men. But, only aerobic exercises in the enriched environment significantly reduce levels of triglyceride. Overall, running in the enriched environment may have a greater impact on BDNF, triglycerides, and glucose.

Staff at Armed Forces Medical Centers are more at risk of job burnout, and their job attachment is affected because of the special conditions of their relevant organization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and design the causal model of job attachment based on social support and job independence with the mediating role of job self-efficacy.

This descriptive correlational study was an applied one that was performed in 2019 on 275 employees of a military hospital who were selected through stratified random sampling. Data was collected from job attachment questionnaires, social support, job independence, and job self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (LISREL software) and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS software.

The significant coefficient of social support with the moderating effects of job self-efficacy in job attachment was 0.142. Additionally, the significant coefficient of job independence with the moderating effects of job self-efficacy was 0.191 in job attachment.

Based on the present research, it can be inferred that psychological characteristics play an important role in job attachment.

Effectiveness of simultaneous exercises and the use of herbal supplements on metabolism can be helpful. In this study, the effects of Teucrium polium and resistance training on the lipid profiles of military staff have been investigated.

This research was performed quasi-experimentally with pre-test and post-test design in two groups) with and without the use of Teucrium polium). Twenty individuals were randomly selected from the staff of one of armed forces in Iran. Subjects in one group consumed Teucrium polium and dextrose (125 mg per day).Then, the resistance training program was done jointly by the two groups (for eight weeks). Blood samples were taken at two intervals just before the first of the study and immediately after the last training session, and results were statistically analyzed.

The results of this study showed that the mean blood lipid profile was increased, although, it was not significant in one-way analysis of variance. Only changes in HDL had a significant increase.

The lack of effect of Teucrium polium on lipid profile can be due to the release of stored fats in the body and their mobilization to enter the energy production stream. The increase in HDL may be due to the increased endogenous secretion of testosterone as a result of resistance training and the principle of overload and its amplification by teat. Therefore, a regular long-term exercise with increased lipoprotein lipase levels and accelerated degradation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins has increased the transfer of surface compounds.